ABSTRACT: Neurotrophic pathways, cellular plasticity and resilience abnormalities, both at a molecular and cellular level, were highlighted in bipolar affective disorder. The most studied aspects of bipolar dis- order pathophysiology are the intracellular ones signaling pathway dysfunctions, such as: the protein G/cAMP pathway, phosphatidil-inositol pathway, alterations in calcium modulation, dysfunctions of the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria / Bcl-2 protein, neurotrophic signaling cascades (BDNF) and Wnt/GSK-3ß cascade and their interrelation with inflammation modulators and markers of oxi- dative stress. The therapeutic properties of mood stabilizers are presumed to be a result of restoring these pathways and the altered processes through diverse biochemical and molecular effects. The aim of this article is to review recent data about the roles of signaling systems and intracellular processes in the pathophysiology of bipolar affective disorder.